Compendium of International Methods of Analysis for Spirituous Beverages and alcohols

Download document

OIV-MA-BS-16 Determination of the principal compounds extracted from wood during ageing of spirit drinks of viti-vinicultural origin (Type II)

Method OIV-MA-BS-16: R2009

Type II method

Determination of the principal compounds extracted from wood during ageing of spirit drinks of viti-vinicultural origin

(OIV/OENO 382A/2009)

1.                Purpose and applicability

The present method pertains to the determination of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-methylfurfural, vanillin, syringaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, gallic, ellagic , vanillic, and syringic acids, and scopoletin, by high-performance liquid chromatography.

2.                Principle

Determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with detection by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at several wavelengths, and by spectrofluorimetry.

3.                Reagents

The reagents must be of analytical quality. The water used must be distilled water or water of at least equivalent purity. It is preferable to use microfiltered water with a resistivity of 18.2 M Ω.

3.1.      96% vol. alcohol.

3.2.      HPLC-quality methanol (Solvent B).

3.3.      Acetic acid diluted to 0.5% vol. (Solvent A).

3.4.      Mobile phases: (given only an example).

Solvent A (0.5% acetic acid) and solvent B (pure methanol).  Filter through a membrane (porosity 0.45 µm). Degas in an ultrasonic bath, if necessary.

3.5.      Reference standards of 99% minimum purity: furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 5-methylfurfural, vanillin, syringaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, gallic, ellagic, vanillic, and syringic acids, and scopoletin.

3.6.      Reference solution: the standard substances are dissolved in a 50% vol. aqueous-alcoholic solution. The final concentrations in the reference solution should be of the order of:

  • furfural: 5 mg/L
  • 5-hydroxymethyl furfural: 10 mg/L
  • 5-methylfurfural 2 mg/L
  • vanillin: 5 mg/L
  • syringaldehyde: 10 mg/L
  • coniferaldéhyde: 5 mg/L
  • sinapaldehyde: 5 mg/L
  • gallic acid: 10 mg/L
  • ellagic acid: 10 mg/L
  • vanillic acid: 5 mg/L
  • syringic acid: 5 mg/L
  • scopoletin: 0.5 mg/L.

4.                Apparatus

Standard laboratory apparatus

4.1.      A high-performance liquid chromatograph capable of functioning in binary gradient mode and equipped with:

4.1.1.                    A spectrophotometric detector capable of measuring at wavelengths from 280 to 313 nm. It is however preferable to work with a multiple wavelength detector with a diode array or similar, in order to confirm the purity of the peaks.

4.1.2.                    A spectrofluorimetric detector – excitation wavelength: 354 nm, emission wavelength: 446 nm (for the trace determination of scopoletin; which is also detectable at 313 nm by spectrophotometry).

4.1.3.                    4.1.3 An injection device capable of introducing 10 or 20 µL (for example) of the test sample.

4.1.4.                    A high-performance liquid chromatography column, RP C18 type, 5 µm maximum particle size.

4.2.      Syringes for HPLC.

4.3.      Device for membrane-filtration of small volumes.

4.4.      Integrator-computer or recorder with performance compatible with the entire apparatus, and in particular, it must have several acquisition channels.

5.                Procedure

5.1.      Preparation of the injection

The reference solution and the spirit drink are filtered if necessary through a membrane with a maximum pore diameter of 0.45 µm.

5.2.      Chromatographic operating conditions: Carry out the analysis at ambient temperature under the conditions defined in 4.1 using the mobile phases (3.4) with a flow of approximately 0.6 ml per minute following the gradient below (given as an example only)

Time

0 min

50 min

70 min

90 min

solvent A (water acid)

100%

60%

100%

100%

solvent B (methanol)

0%

40%

0%

0%

Note that in certain cases this gradient should be modified to avoid co-elutions.

5.3.      Determination

5.3.1.                    Inject the reference standards separately, then mixed.

Adapt the operating conditions so that the resolution factors of the peaks of all the compounds are equal to at least 1.

5.3.2.                    Inject the sample as prepared in 5.1, after filtering it through a membrane.

5.3.3.                    Measure the area of the peaks in the reference solution and the spirit drink and calculate the concentrations.

6.                Expression of results

Express the concentration of each constituent in mg/l.

7.                Performance characteristics of the method (precision)

The following data were obtained in 2009 from an international method-performance study on a variety of spirit drinks, carried out following internationally-agreed procedures.

Key to the tables below:

nLT

Number of participating laboratories

nL

Number of laboratories used to calculate precision data

r

repeatability limit

Sr

repeatability standard deviation

RSDr

repeatability standard deviation expressed as % of the mean

R

reproducibility limit

SR

reproducibility standard deviation

RSDR

reproducibility standard deviation expressed as % of the mean

PRSDR

RSDR predicted with the Horwitz formula (%)

HoR

HorRat value = RSDR / PRSDR

7.1.      Gallic acid

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

16

15

1.2

0.2

0.07

6.1

1.2

0.43

36

16

2.3

Brandy

15

14

0.4

0.1

0.04

8.1

0.6

0.20

47

18

2.6

Rum

16

16

2.0

0.2

0.06

2.9

1.7

0.62

31

14

2.1

Cognac 1

16

16

6.1

0.5

0.18

3.0

9.1

3.3

53

12

4.4

Bourbon

16

16

7.3

0.5

0.18

2.4

6.2

2.2

30

12

2.6

Cognac 2

16

16

21.8

1.7

0.60

2.8

21.7

7.7

35

10

3.5

7.2.      5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

16

14

5.0

0.2

0.09

1.7

1.1

0.39

8

13

0.6

Brandy

16

14

11.1

0.3

0.09

0.8

2.8

1.01

9

11

0.8

Rum

16

14

9.4

0.3

0.09

1.0

1.4

0.50

5

11

0.5

Cognac 1

16

14

33.7

1.2

0.42

1.3

12.5

4.5

13

9

1.4

Bourbon

16

14

5.8

0.2

0.07

1.2

1.1

0.4

7

12

0.6

Cognac 2

16

14

17.5

0.4

0.13

0.8

4.6

1.6

9

10

0.9

7.3.      Furfural

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

15

14

2.9

0.1

0.04

1.4

0.7

0.24

8

14

0.6

Brandy

15

12

1.2

0.2

0.05

4.5

0.5

0.18

15

16

0.9

Rum

15

13

1.7

0.1

0.04

2.3

0.3

0.09

5

15

0.4

Cognac 1

15

14

10.6

0.5

0.18

1.7

3.8

1.4

13

11

1.1

Bourbon

15

13

15.3

0.6

0.23

1.5

1.4

0.49

3

11

0.3

Cognac 2

15

13

13.9

0.6

0.20

1.5

1.9

0.69

5

11

0.5

7.4.      Vanillic acid

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

15

12

0.2

0.1

0.03

14.2

0.2

0.06

28

20

1.4

Brandy

15

11

0.2

0.1

0.04

16.5

0.1

0.05

20

20

1.0

Rum

15

14

1.5

0.1

0.03

2.3

1.4

0.51

35

15

2.3

Cognac 1

15

14

0.8

0.3

0.10

12.6

0.7

0.2

31

17

1.9

Bourbon

15

15

2.4

0.4

0.13

5.3

3.4

1.22

51

14

3.6

Cognac 2

15

14

2.7

0.6

0.21

7.7

2.0

0.70

26

14

1.9

7.5.      5-Methylfurfural

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

11

11

0.1

0.0

0.01

10.7

0.1

0.03

35

24

1.5

Brandy

11

11

0.2

0.0

0.01

6.1

0.1

0.04

18

20

0.9

Rum

11

8

0.1

0.1

0.02

13.6

0.1

0.03

22

22

1.0

Cognac 1

11

11

0.5

0.1

0.02

4.7

0.5

0.18

39

18

2.2

Bourbon

11

10

1.7

0.1

0.03

2.0

0.6

0.20

12

15

0.8

Cognac 2

11

11

0.8

0.2

0.07

10.0

0.7

0.26

35

17

2.1

7.6.      Syringic acid

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

16

16

0.4

0.1

0.03

6.7

0.2

0.08

19

18

1.0

Brandy

15

15

0.2

0.1

0.02

12.6

0.1

0.05

29

21

1.4

Rum

16

15

2.5

0.2

0.06

2.3

0.8

0.29

11

14

0.8

Cognac 1

16

15

1.4

0.4

0.13

9.0

0.7

0.26

18

15

1.2

Bourbon

16

16

3.4

0.2

0.08

2.3

1.2

0.43

13

13

0.9

Cognac 2

16

15

4.8

0.3

0.11

2.3

1.9

0.67

14

13

1.1

7.7.      Vanillin

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

16

16

0.5

0.1

0.03

6.8

0.3

0.09

19

18

1.1

Brandy

15

15

0.2

0.1

0.02

9.6

0.2

0.06

25

20

1.2

Rum

16

16

1.2

0.2

0.06

4.6

0.5

0.18

15

16

1.0

Cognac 1

16

16

1.2

0.3

0.11

8.9

0.8

0.27

22

16

1.4

Bourbon

16

16

3.2

0.3

0.11

3.5

1.2

0.41

13

13

0.9

Cognac 2

16

16

3.9

0.3

0.09

2.3

1.7

0.62

16

13

1.2

7.8.      Syringaldehyde

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

16

13

1.0

0.1

0.03

2.6

0.2

0.08

8

16

0.5

Brandy

15

13

0.2

0.1

0.02

8.1

0.2

0.07

33

20

1.6

Rum

16

13

4.8

0.1

0.04

0.8

0.7

0.23

5

13

0.4

Cognac 1

16

12

3.2

0.2

0.08

2.6

0.5

0.19

6

14

0.4

Bourbon

16

14

10.5

0.3

0.10

0.9

1.1

0.39

4

11

0.3

Cognac 2

16

13

9.7

0.3

0.09

0.9

1.2

0.43

4

11

0.4

7.9.      Scopoletin

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

10

9

0.09

0.007

0.0024

2.6

0.04

0.01

15

23

0.6

Brandy

10

8

0.04

0.002

0.0008

2.2

0.02

0.01

16

26

0.6

Rum

10

9

0.11

0.005

0.0018

1.6

0.07

0.03

23

22

1.0

Cognac 1

10

8

0.04

0.004

0.0014

3.3

0.02

0.01

17

26

0.7

Bourbon

10

8

0.65

0.015

0.0054

0.8

0.26

0.09

15

17

0.8

Cognac 2

10

8

0.15

0.011

0.0040

2.7

0.06

0.02

15

21

0.7

7.10. Coniferaldéhyde

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

13

12

0.2

0.04

0.02

9.2

0.1

0.04

23

21

1.1

Brandy

12

12

0.2

0.04

0.02

9.8

0.1

0.04

27

21

1.3

Rum

13

13

0.6

0.07

0.03

4.6

0.3

0.11

21

18

1.2

Cognac 1

12

12

0.8

0.09

0.03

4.3

0.5

0.18

23

17

1.4

Bourbon

13

13

4.6

0.24

0.09

1.9

1.1

0.38

8

13

0.6

Cognac 2

13

13

1.3

0.16

0.06

4.5

0.7

0.25

19

15

1.2

7.11. Sinapaldehyde

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

14

14

0.3

0.06

0.02

7.5

0.2

0.09

31

19

1.6

Brandy

14

13

0.2

0.03

0.01

4.6

0.2

0.05

27

20

1.3

Rum

14

12

0.2

0.06

0.02

11.2

0.2

0.08

46

21

2.2

Cognac 1

14

13

1.6

0.17

0.06

3.7

0.6

0.20

13

15

0.8

Bourbon

15

13

8.3

0.38

0.14

1.6

2.3

0.81

10

12

0.8

Cognac 2

14

12

0.3

0.08

0.03

11.4

0.5

0.18

73

20

3.7

7.12. Ellagic acid

 

nLT

nL

Mean
(mg/L)

 r
(mg/L)

Sr
(mg/L)

RSDr
(%)

R
(mg/L)

SR
(mg/L)

RSDR
(%)

PRSDR
(%)

HoR

Whisky

7

7

3.2

0.6

0.20

6.3

4.0

1.41

44

13

3.2

Brandy

7

7

1.0

0.4

0.16

16

1.2

0.42

43

16

2.7

Rum

7

7

9.5

0.9

0.30

3.2

11

4.0

42

11

3.7

Cognac 1

7

7

13

1.1

0.41

3.2

14

5.0

39

11

3.6

Bourbon

7

7

13

2.7

0.95

7.4

14

4.9

39

11

3.5

Cognac 2

7

6

36

1.0

0.34

1.0

40

14

40

9

4.3

8.                Bibliography

  1. PUECH J.M. 1986. in les arômes des vins (Montpellier).
  2. BERTRAND A., FV O.I.V. n° 867. Méthodes d'analyse des boissons spiritueuses d'origine viticole, 1990,
  3. VIDAL J-P., CANTAGREL R., FAURE A., BOULESTEIX J-M., FV O.I.V. n° 904.
  4. Comparaison de trois méthodes de dosages des composés phénoliques totaux dans les spiritueux, 1992,
  5. FV 1323 (2009) - Validation of the analysis of maturation-related compoun